/ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Image20 81 0 R What other countries use return-free filing? This exercise involves analyzing the citys revenue baseline to determine current revenue generation across all streams and then comparing revenue streams against benchmarks for peer cities to identify any gaps. endobj 7 Other strategies, such as payment plans, can also reduce leakage and increase collections. >> /Parent 2 0 R What criticisms are levied against standard distributional analysis? Local government administration in Nigeria: A comparative perspective. % A simulation of 8,760 h year-round was performed for the provincial market containing the integrated generation plant without energy storage. (2006). >> /GS31 30 0 R These meetings serve as a way to monitor progress and enable proper implementation. 9 essential social services to the people. /F1 20 0 R x]s63|:oNg$8Sw}hKM7?.~Vb@g6v|Y,j]w2_~yv6IDltsLDI%:nCSq251Le,qGO2-y5E 6X6> iq#"K%J3#GfF/_F ?V]pq^Te%&zuD`~>EgFY3c87Hlt9@)Ov?"c" @]TLlJaZg=40P//^E5uTxR4nhs7=pOCezQ&6.6+`,^M:|"T|m|'wo'Sc^e~abN77`& 8E9"m @}_6l?\Lzw]$1%gVv!CBJi`UY! These activities, such as hospitality charges and taxes on plastic bottles and bags, carbon from vehicles, and vacant land, do not involve the delivery of services from the government. sources, via the external sources and the internal source. <>>> (Exhibit 1). endobj 0 Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from tax. Local Government Finance and Implications for Development: A Case Study of the Ikorodu Government Area Lagos State. Filipatali, T. (2013). >> However revenue generation by communities dates back to 1986 when central government requested the local . revenue allocation among federal, state and local governments in the country. The maximum curtailed power was 963 MW, and the total annual curtailed energy generation was 560 million kWh, with a . In 2019 inflation adjusted-dollars, combined state and local general revenue increased from $1.2 trillion in 1977 to $3.5 trillion in 2019, or a 188 percent increase. << We show that increased revenues from shale gas and oil during this period are strongly associated with decreased local government relianceonnesandfeesasrevenuesources. Cities should consider the following areas: Collectively, these assessments will help cities to produce a prioritized list of levers for implementation. Taxation as a Source of Revenue Generation in Local Governments, Nigeria Authors: Augustine Osho Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti David Adelagun Ajayi Abstract and Figures period of 5years. /Meta53 50 0 R 13 0 obj <> /F2 21 0 R 4 /XObject << Global Journal of Management and Business Research Administration and Management, 13(4), 1226. Social acceptance. The Local Government Act 462 of 1993 authorises and empowers the district assemblies to mobilise revenue in the form of rates, fees & fines, licences, rent, among others to help finance projects in their various areas of authority. Aransi, I. O. Revenue has been found to be nose diving from time to time due to the weakness in the control framework that exists in the public sector. Sarah Jindra, Chicagos ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9, November 10, 2015, wgntv.com. However, the composition of tax revenue has changed somewhat. <>stream /F5 40 0 R 10 /Contents 56 0 R To increase the flow of revenues from these sources, cities can select from four interventions (Exhibit 3). Key 2022 Takeaways. /F1 20 0 R State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments. This approach has the potential to not only fairly penalize offenders and reduce instances of speeding but also to generate more revenue. Beyond central government funding, the primary revenue streams for municipal governments are service fees, fines, taxes, and assets such as buildings and properties. /GS7 17 0 R Small businesses . What is the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit and how does it work? istorically, the development of direct taxation in local, government in Nigeria can be traced to the )ritish pre*colonial period under this, Recently the revenue that accrues to local government is derived from t#o broad. Fines. State governments collected $2.2 trillion of general revenues in 2019. McKinsey_Website_Accessibility@mckinsey.com. /Meta51 48 0 R 3.5 Local government revenue sources by jurisdiction 7 3.6 Local government expenses by purpose 8 3.7 Taxation revenue share by sphere of government and source of revenue 8 3.8 Share of total taxation revenue by sphere of government over time 9 3.9 Vertical fiscal imbalance in Australia 10 4. Regarding dissipation, figure 4 shows the time series power curtailment of an integrated generation plant without energy storage. /CS /DeviceRGB The revenue generated is utilized by states and its functional departments for meeting the expenditures on infrastructure, public transportation, sanitation, legal systems, public safety, education, health care systems, military . As such, it should have a seat on the revenue committee as well as the authority to define roles and responsibilities to track the revenue generated across different municipalities. /Parent 2 0 R >> /Meta54 51 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB Keywords : development, projects, revenue, generation, government. /Font << /Meta43 34 0 R How did the TCJA affect the federal budget outlook? The share coming from property taxes fell from 22 percent of general revenue in 1977 to 17 percent in 1985, but since then property taxes as a share of general revenue have been relatively stable. >> /Image91 75 0 R \~x2{w6HZpV1 ~eh5u*d*pn1gs9WzfY+W)hh,O`\`k}[rHyU ;18HXS-xep]#2 jAI740-+-=tk3zdSzn*Qv8tC>"mTv{ 4X[w*qQ*@TLHYF\MQZjxU^VQqy hiJdNVhP Mq:=oD5QyU!WwH^_/6+_Gwg_vSLVe` -WL=:@N>X9VfEhlfN~ <=-y3e,KQ!CH[jy^{eTuyt\p\)?rj;7K80r;@66Auu:fdYfJ LG8D6 %$5 an increment in revenue generation capacity of MMDAs (Ohemeng & OfosuDarkwah, 2014), the notion that egovernment enhances revenue capacity of state institutions is contentious and needs further investigation. the enabling law in form of local government act 1997 (amended). /Group << Edogbanya, A., & Sule, J. G. (2013). City of Los Angeles Department of Public Works, Bureau of Engineering standard fee list. state and local government with a recommendation that conscious effort be made to allocate more revenues to states and local governments. Charges and miscellaneous fees, such as water, sewerage, and parking meter fees collected by municipal or county governments, provided $385 billion (23 percent of local general revenue). Cameron Amos and Jesper Lindqvist, Finlands fine example, The Australia Institute, January 2016, tai.org.au. Furthermore, the funding that municipalities receive from other government entities is decreasing. /Meta77 66 0 R Who bears the burden of federal excise taxes? Whats the difference between front-loaded and back-loaded retirement accounts? What tax incentives encourage energy production from fossil fuels? endobj 4. To serve as an intermediary between government at the center and local communities. Would tax evasion and avoidance be a significant problem for a national retail sales tax? Revenue generation is the main source of income to the Federal, State and local Governments. >> State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments, How the COVID-19 Pandemic is Transforming State Budgets, State Tax and Economic Review /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Font << Local governments in Nigeria have developed over a number of years. /Type /Page What are the major options for comprehensive tax reform? n effective 'ocal -overnment system rests ma%orly on the availability of human, governments development. #$ e-`w6w Agu (2010) examined the . Meanwhile, revenue from sales taxes steadily increased from 5 percent to 7 percent between 1977 to 2017 (figure 2). 5. /S /Transparency Cities that want to implement new charges will be more likely to build public support if such measures both induce positive behavior and have a clear, equitable, and risk-averse public benefit. 3. Development which is a necessity in every society can be achieved to a great extent with adequate resources. What is a territorial tax and does the United States have one now? What can state and local sales taxes tell us about a national retail sales tax? Do all people eligible for the EITC participate? The research instruments used for data collection were questionnaire and interview. The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria pp 325343Cite as. Gkq;T$iH5p6m&C~W]'%Yv$Jq * /XObject << Given state and local tax revenuevolatility resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, and the large amount of federal transfers approved by Congress, particularly as part of the American Rescue Plan, these numbers will probably look different for fiscal years 2020 and 2021, but Census has not yet published that data. <>>> /Type /Page /Contents 62 0 R /Parent 2 0 R Within this larger context, the ability of local governments to successfully and sustainably use revenue powers depends on an appropriate multi-dimensional constitutional/legal/ administrative framework. Los Angeles, for example, charges higher fees for expedited permitting and licensing processes. OECD fiscal decentralization database (object name Table 12: 1970 2016), OECD, accessed April 15, 2019, oecd.org. /F1 20 0 R /Font << How do state and local corporate income taxes work? Meanwhile, housing-program transfers are about 40 percent of federal transfers to local governments. The need for state and local governments to generate adequate revenue from internal sources has therefore become a matter of extreme urgency and importance. <>stream 971z What types of federal grants are made to state and local governments and how do they work? Olaoye, C. O., Taiwo, O. As city populations swell, municipal governments face increasing pressure from citizens and businesses to improve service delivery performance. Charges and taxes. /F1 20 0 R Elected officials have four primary revenue sources, each containing multiple levers. How does the earned income tax credit affect poor families? Although local government revenue was about the same relative to gross domestic product in 1977 (8.6 percent) and 2017 (8.7 percent), it has fluctuated over the period (figure 3). xo A>a#dkU(0 KJ@C2aOb4a&MoZ(K#YWa-SI{;E zubQ?$6 J&/oB50uvF>LO>Cw~N.1~,s%8#/A"akFu^6V07ST]hi/p4g8GtC? _X*O9H+CaB(ErQK]0K|d)F2t4a6ntHFcjdiD The data was analyzed using simple percentage and frequency for primary data and content analysis for secondary data. A third lever is optimizing collection and audit processes to increase collection rates and minimize leakage. >> Predicting Municipal Fiscal Distress: Aspiration or Reality? Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Cover cost to serve where possible. How does the federal budget process work? This can be accomplished through moves that wont adversely affect public opinion or a citys competitiveness in attracting businesses and economic development. Local tax limitations: a primer Property taxes . Todaro, M. P. (2015). /F7 42 0 R >> fPU1"kVVY%9kgi=IIbjm_l g$+pVS?Fn!:El0L4m^. endobj /F4 23 0 R /Type /Page Essentials of management. /Parent 2 0 R https://www.grin.com/document/293498. Finally, cities could introduce new types of service fees, fines, and chargesand in so doing, create new sources of revenue. >> How much does the federal government spend on health care? How does the deduction for state and local taxes work? 2. Nicole Badstuber, London congestion charge has been a huge success. >> Randall, Megan, Tracy Gordon, Solomon Greene, and Erin Huffer. The reforms #hich gave recognition to, the local level #ere ta$en care of. 2018. appropriate. Tax is however, a compulsory levy imposed by government on individuals and companies for various legitimate functions of the state (Olaoye, 2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0). /Resources << % This applies to administrative services as well as other city services such as utility provision. Cities could also revise their pricing models by using differentiating factors specific to each revenue lever. /Meta44 31 0 R /Type /Page What tax incentives exist for higher education? << /Meta40 35 0 R /Tabs /S /GS31 30 0 R /Font << /Meta38 38 0 R /Meta59 53 0 R /Meta57 46 0 R The final 32 percent of state general revenue came from intergovernmental transfers. 2 0 obj What did the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 do? /XObject << % \\jG*"ktVJE Each time, the city brought in $7 million to $9 million in revenue. Local government revenue comes from property, sales, and other taxes; charges and fees; and transfers from federal and state governments. Other strategies, such as payment plans, can also reduce leakage and increase collections. Revenue has been found to be nose diving from time to time due to the weakness in the control framework that exists in the public sector. Through leases, joint ventures, and joint development agreements, municipalities can generate additional income. /ExtGState << /Type /Page /S /Transparency How do taxes affect the economy in the long run? Local governments collected $1.9 trillion in general revenues in 2019. %PDF-1.4 % As an alternative to benchmarking, cities could also determine the cost of services and then establish a cost-plus pricing model to generate additional revenues. As presently contained in the 1999 constitution, local governments receive 20 percent of the federation account. Areas to be assessed may include the following metrics: Ease of implementation. nQt}MA0alSx k&^>0|>_',G! /F3 84 0 R 7 Who bears the burden of the corporate income tax? /XObject << What did the Presidents Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform say about the national retail sales tax? In Nigeria, as in other developing countries, the debate on the nature and purpose of local government has been a long and at times better one. /Meta99 77 0 R Even though what the local government had generated from internal and external sources have impacted the area to an extent, local government finance system i.e. 2.1.2 Section 81 of the Local Government Act, 1997 (amended) allows Local Government to mobilise revenue in form thof fees and taxes as specified in the 5 schedule. >> In addition, elected officials must strike a tricky balance between raising taxes and fees and maintaining public support. /XObject << Unlocking the full potential of city revenues. /F6 25 0 R Therefore, the following three areas should be examined: In addition, the city should refer back to the results of the citizen sentiment survey conducted during the preparatory stage to help inform the assessment of social acceptance. Innovation is poverty reduction: The role of local government. /S /Transparency /F5 24 0 R This intervention is typically applicable to any paper-based transactions or services, such as business license fees, construction permit fees, or land registration fees. /Type /Group The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://www.odi.org/events/282-innovations-poverty-reduction-role-local-government, Political Science and International Studies, Political Science and International Studies (R0), Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. /XObject << What are the sources of revenue for state governments? Please try again later. But, communities are still facing a numerous difficulties in access to basic goods and services from local governments Authorities (Pradeep, 2011). >> 1. City assets and investments. Why do low-income families use tax preparers? What are state rainy day funds, and how do they work? The final 34 percent of local government general revenue came from intergovernmental transfers. What are itemized deductions and who claims them? /Tabs /S State and local governments collected a combined $3.5 trillion of general revenues in fiscal year 2019. Assets can include land monetization (such as land used by telcos for cell towers), appreciating land values, and commercial advertisements in public spaces, public markets, and shopping centers. In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to local governments as part of the CARES Act, the Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act (part of the December 2020 omnibus bill), and the American Rescue Plan. 6. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. These factors often include volume of activity, location, and period of validity. )U!$5X3/9 ($5j%V*'&*r" (,!!0b;C2( I8/ 3 0 obj x- [ 0}y)7ta>jT7@t`q2&6ZL?_yxg)zLU*uSkSeO4?c. R -25 S>Vd`rn~Y&+`;A4 A9 =-tl`;~p Gp| [`L` "AYA+Cb(R, *T2B- New York, Scribner Press in Institute of Management and Leadership Professional Nigeria (2012). 11. Transfers from the federal government have fluctuated considerably over the past three decades. /StructParents 4 D?M5j$3X,/L )o-@ci"wAB%O3FQO ~3(,*Y| ?3efuj 6 6+?j|yDVQvKxzV. >Pu*wH:97CWW 1 0 obj wG xR^[ochg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-,Y*6X[F=3Y~d tizf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:O:8uJqnv=MmR 4 endobj /Meta62 60 0 R >> (&. Gordon, Tracy, Richard Auxier, and John Iselin. How are different consumption taxes related? How Could We Improve the Federal Tax System? /ExtGState << /Font << /XObject << Subscribed to {PRACTICE_NAME} email alerts. /StructParents 2 A limited number of charges and taxes ensures higher social acceptance and minimal collection leakage. 14 0 obj 1 0 obj www.iiste.org. This charge generates more than $100 million in revenue each year. How do state earned income tax credits work? /Contents 64 0 R /F5 40 0 R 5 /Meta64 58 0 R >> <> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Abstract and Figures This paper examines trends in local government revenues and current challenges that local governments face in raising revenue. (2009). /Tabs /S What is the difference between refundable and nonrefundable credits? endobj 4, Government Finances. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] 13 0 obj Livingstone, K. (2008). /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] All other taxesincluding corporate income taxes, hotel taxes, and business license taxesprovided $40 billion in revenue (2 percent). endobj /ExtGState << What is the tax treatment of charitable contributions? general sales taxes and gross receipts taxes, Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, federal funds for local transportation projects, Surveying State Leaders on the State of State Taxes, More Than Fines and Fees: Incorporating Equity into City Revenue Strategies, State and Local Government Revenues and Racial Disparities, Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012, Governing with Tight Budgets; Long Term Trends in State Finances, Center on Labor, Human Services, and Population, Metropolitan Housing and Communities Policy Center, 8 percent from selective sales taxes on purchases such as, 2 percent from selective sales taxes on purchases such as, 3 percent from other taxes such as a locality'staxes onhotel bookingsandrestaurant meals. /Meta25 33 0 R %PDF-1.5 How does the tax exclusion for employer-sponsored health insurance work? 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